How the Apple II, the IBM PC, and a generation of clones decided the shape of computing for forty years. The architecture was destiny: an open bus, a reverse-engineered BIOS, and a non-exclusive software license handed the future to Microsoft and Intel rather than to IBM.
X86
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The Personal Computer Wars -
ARM vs x86 in 2026 The instruction-set wars have a clearer verdict than either camp admits. What Apple Silicon, Graviton, Ampere, and Snapdragon X actually proved about energy per instruction, why the ISA matters far less than the business model around it, the legacy-software tax, and the honest case for each architecture across phones, laptops, servers, and the cloud.
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RISC vs CISC: The War That Ended in a Tie The instruction-set war of the 1980s and 90s ended in the strangest way possible: both sides won. How x86 swallowed RISC whole, how ARM grew CISC-grade complexity, and why the ISA matters less than the business model wrapped around it.