How Apache Spark actually works under the hood — RDDs, DataFrames, the Catalyst optimizer, and the execution model — and an honest look at when Spark still wins versus DuckDB, Trino, Polars, and Flink.
Spark
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Apache Spark Fundamentals: RDDs, DataFrames, Catalyst, and When Spark Still Wins -
Apache Iceberg: Table Format for the Data Lakehouse How Apache Iceberg brings ACID transactions, schema evolution, hidden partitioning, and time travel to object storage — with Spark, Trino, DuckDB, and Flink.