Computer graphics is the long story of turning an integral nobody can solve in closed form into pixels that ship in 16 milliseconds. From Sketchpad's light pen to Phong's specular highlight, from Kajiya's rendering equation to Pixar's REYES, and from the GeForce 256 to RTX ray-tracing cores, this is how we got from vector scopes to real-time path tracing that still cheats with denoisers.
Shaders
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The History of Computer Graphics