HSMs, TPMs, Secure Enclaves, and YubiKeys all promise the same thing — the key never leaves the chip — and they all address subtly different threat models with very different costs and capabilities. We walk what each one actually protects against, the attestation chain that proves a key lives where it claims to, the physical-tamper story, and the honest limits.
Secure-Enclave
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Hardware Security Modules and Secure Enclaves