A complete guide to PCIe GPU passthrough with VFIO and KVM — IOMMU groups, binding the device, firmware quirks, NVIDIA's Code 43, and the SR-IOV and vGPU options — so you can hand a GPU to a VM and debug it when it breaks.
Iommu
-
GPU Passthrough End-to-End -
PCIe for Systems Engineers PCIe for people who currently stop at `lspci` — lanes, generations, bifurcation, and IOMMU explained well enough to diagnose a GPU training at half speed or an NVMe drive hitting a third of its rated IOPS from `lspci -vvv` output.